In the Bible, Elijah is a zealous prophet, attacking idolatry and injustice, championing God. He defeats the prophets of Baal and performs miracles, restoring life and calling down fire. When his earthly life ends, he vanishes in a whirlwind, carried off to heaven in a fiery chariot. Was this a spectacular death, or did Elijah escape death entirely? The latter view prevailed. Though residing in heaven, Elijah revisits earth—to help and rescue, to enlighten spiritual seekers, and ultimately herald the Messiah. Because of his messianic role, Jews open the door for Elijah during each Seder—the meal commemorating liberation from slavery and anticipating final redemption.

How did this Biblical zealot turn into a compassionate hero and source of wisdom—as well as the most popular figure in all of Jewish folklore? In this course, we will explore that question, tracing how Elijah develops from the Bible to Rabbinic Judaism, Kabbalah, and Jewish ritual. His transformation is pertinent and inspirational for our polarized, fanatical world.